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       The numbers come from a computer simulation based on running the system with 10 percent fewer controllers, and using air traffic volumes from March 29, a Friday, when traffic is usually heavier. As is usually the case, bad weather or equipment breakdowns would impose additional delays. Fully staffed, most of these airports are running with modest delays in good weather.

The transportation secretary, Ray LaHood, spoke angrily about the problem, caused by the across-the-board budget cuts known as the sequester. “This is not what we signed up for,” Mr. LaHood said in a meeting with reporters. “This is a dumb idea. Sequestration is a dumb idea. Not one person in America would use sequester to figure out what to do with their budgets.”

“It’s a meat-ax approach,” he said. “Congress needs to fix it.”

But with no fix in sight, the Transportation Department is preparing to cut $1 billion from its budget by the end of September, including $635 million from the F.A.A. Some of that savings will come from canceling equipment contracts, but most of it will come through unpaid furloughs of one day per 10-day pay period, or 11 days between now and the end of the fiscal year, Mr. LaHood said.

Reduced staffing, either in the control towers or at radar rooms distant from the airports, will cut the ability to land airplanes, and in some cases, like O’Hare and Atlanta, may require closing some runways, Mr. LaHood and Michael P. Huerta, the F.A.A. administrator, said.

They listed average and maximum delay times for six hub airports, which they said showed the range of effects, as follows:

¶ Newark Liberty International Airport: Maximum, 51 minutes; average, 20.5 minutes.

¶ Kennedy International Airport: Maximum, 50 minutes; average, 12.4 minutes.

¶ La Guardia Airport: Maximum, 80 minutes; average, 30.5 minutes.

¶ O’Hare International Airport: Maximum, 132 minutes; average, 50.4 minutes.

¶ Los Angeles International Airport: Maximum, 67 minutes; average, 10.1 minutes.

¶ Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport: Maximum, 210 minutes; average, 11.3 minutes.

Some airports, like La Guardia, run near their capacity to land aircraft for most hours of the day, and if that rate is cut and a queue develops, they will have little opportunity to recover, the officials said; some, like Kennedy Airport, run at their current fully staffed capacity part of the day.

The F.A.A.’s plan is to reduce the number of planes allowed in the air to the maximum that can be safely handled by the reduced number of controllers. The agency briefed the airlines earlier this week. The trade association of the major airlines, Airlines for America, said it had three legal opinions that the F.A.A. had “the discretion to implement cuts without furloughing air traffic controllers,” but had not acted to do so. The association said it might sue the F.A.A.

Antitrust laws would allow the airlines to meet and negotiate mutual reductions in their schedules if the Transportation Department approved, but thus far there is no sign of a plan to do so.

In February, the F.A.A. announced plans to close the air traffic control towers at a variety of small airports. Shutting those towers, run by contractors, would have saved money that could have been used elsewhere in the agency, Mr. LaHood and Mr. Huerta said. But the plan was delayed for safety analysis.